tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-38023228582187084572024-03-21T21:34:31.431-07:00DeBacker BoostersMelissa DeBackerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14284966731938118220noreply@blogger.comBlogger19125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3802322858218708457.post-17178751881006902452012-11-04T14:16:00.002-08:002012-11-04T14:16:23.017-08:00Room 103 Backs up to the BasicsJim Knight explains that when dialogue is learning-centered it will exhibit traits such as humility, honesty and critical thinking. Learning-centered dialogue allows for persons to really listen, learn, think, reflect, engage and demonstrate a great act of unselfishness. "Dialogue occurs when we start by trying to understand together, when we listen and learn rather than tell and resist (Knight, June, 2010). <a href="http://jimknightoncoaching.squarespace.com/journal/2010/6/26/requirements-for-dialogue.html">Link to article</a><br />
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I agree with Nirvi Shah that a classroom with a personal and profession repport with students creates an environment of mutual respect that thrives on engagement. Link to article Rapport <a href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/relation">relation</a>; <em>especially</em><strong>:</strong> relation marked by harmony, conformity, <a class="d_link" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/accord[2]">accord</a>, or <a class="d_link" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/affinity">affinity</a> (Merrium-Webster online dictionary, November, 2012). <a href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rapport">Link to dictionary</a><br />
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How to I create learning-centered dialogue and rapport with my students and parents?<br />
This year there was such an emphasis and high pressure to immanently implement the 1:1 initiative that my students and I have both been lost in the pressure to use computer. Yes, I do believe that computers are one of the most useful tools in the 21st Century classroom, but not at the cost of KNOWING my students and parents as people -- just like me. I sacrificed my some of my most important beginning of year activities and hence, have not established the engaging classroom that I have experienced in the past. It is time for me to back up and and really get to know my students and parents by creating the dialogue and rapport that allows students and teachers to learn everyday for the sake of learning -- not the sake a test or grade in the grade book. As educators we want to help develop individuals that are thinkers, creators, collaborators, dialoguers and simply life long learners that are equipped with 21st century skills.<br />
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I have an idea -- students and teachers create individual Dream Board!! More to come!!<br />
This week Room 103 will create learning-centered dialogue and rapport!! How do I begin!!<br />
I start with the "Eat the Frog' video; my video about my dad; and let the conversation begin!!Melissa DeBackerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14284966731938118220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3802322858218708457.post-19416349762249362372012-01-14T20:09:00.000-08:002012-01-14T20:09:55.456-08:00Wolfboy's Blog: DimensionM: Evolver- A review<a href="http://thewolfboyblogger.blogspot.com/2012/01/dimensionm-evolver-review.html?spref=bl">Wolfboy's Blog: DimensionM: Evolver- A review</a>: All I can say is... Wow! DimensionU (formerly Tabula Digita) done an amazing job on this game! I'm using a HP Pavilion AiO with Windows...Melissa DeBackerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14284966731938118220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3802322858218708457.post-56854749074244211042011-11-12T20:24:00.000-08:002011-11-12T20:32:34.731-08:00The Power of Creativity: How Game Design Changes the Way We Think - The AtlanticInteresting perspective on how 21st students think and play in today's world. Allowing students to transition from gamer to game designer is a means of empowering them to create and see their world from the inside out. <br />
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<a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/life/archive/2011/09/the-power-of-creativity-how-game-design-changes-the-way-we-think/245441/#.Tr9GJYWSpoQ.blogger">The Power of Creativity: How Game Design Changes the Way We Think - The Atlantic</a>Melissa DeBackerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14284966731938118220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3802322858218708457.post-79214024576423587172011-10-09T06:03:00.000-07:002011-10-09T06:03:11.050-07:00Interactive Lesson made with PowerPointInteractive lesson on using formulas for area and circumference of circles made with <a href="http://dl.dropbox.com/u/15028128/DeBacker%20Interactive%20tutorial.pptx">PowerPoint</a>.Melissa DeBackerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14284966731938118220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3802322858218708457.post-36458289729281818692011-10-05T18:30:00.000-07:002011-10-05T18:30:32.997-07:00Interesting article on teacher evaluation<h2 class="contentheading issues"><span style="font-size: small;"><em><a href="http://www.washdiplomat.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8073%3Aschools-size-up-teachers-using-value-added-evaluation-measures&catid=1478&Itemid=428">Schools Size Up Teachers Using Value-Added Evaluation Measures</a> </em>by <div class="articleinfo"><span class="createdby">By Carolyn Cosmos </span><span class="createdate"><br />
Written on September 28, 2011 </span></div><div class="articleinfo"><span class="createdate">The Washington Diplomat</span></div></span></h2>Melissa DeBackerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14284966731938118220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3802322858218708457.post-14464915407185282032011-09-25T14:06:00.000-07:002011-09-25T19:02:10.500-07:00DeBacker's Personal Learning Network<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">the Rocket City PLN</span></div><div class="GrandCanyonNumberedListCxSpFirst" style="margin: auto 0in auto 0.25in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: .5in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Debbie Miser</b> – Huntsville City Schools (HCS) staff development coordinator</div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin: auto 0in auto 0.25in; mso-add-space: auto;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Leslie Graham</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> - Mentor; Mt. Gap Middle School (MGMS) eighth grade English teacher</span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: auto 0in auto 0.25in; mso-add-space: auto;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Carol Spring </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">– MGMS technology technician</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: auto 0in auto 0.25in; mso-add-space: auto;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Kristen Robinson</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"> – MGMS sixth grade math teacher</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: auto 0in auto 0.25in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Virginia Taylor-Mounts</b> – Grand Canyon University peer</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: auto 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">the Experts</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: auto 0in auto 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Angela Maiers</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">- author of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Passion Driven Classroom </i>and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Class Habitudes</i>;<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i><a href="http://twitter.com/#!/AngelaMaiers">twitter</a>; <a href="http://www.angelamaiers.com/">Angela Maiers.com</a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: auto 0in auto 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Marc Prensky</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">- “Visionary. Inventor. Author. Speaker. Consultant.Futurist. Learning designer. Game designer” (marcprensky.com, 2011); author of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Digital Game-based</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Learning</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Don’t Bother me mom , I’m Learning</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Teaching Digital</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Natives: Partnering</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">for Real Learning</i>; Current; <a href="http://marcprensky.com/blog/">Marc’s blog</a>; <a href="http://www.marcprensky.com/">Marc Prensky.com</a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: auto 0in auto 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Howard Gardner</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">- Professor of Cognition and Education at the Harvard Graduate School of Education; author of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Truth, Beauty and Goodness</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Redefined</i>; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Five Minds</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">for the</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Future</i>; editor of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Good work: theory and practice</i>; <a href="http://www.howardgardner.com/index.html">Howard Gardner.com</a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: auto 0in auto 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Marilyn Katzenmeyer</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">- Co-author of Awakening he Sleeping Giant: Helping Teachers Develop as Leaders (3<sup>rd</sup> edition). She is the president of Professional Development Center, Inc. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: auto 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">the Resources</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin: auto 0in auto 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><a href="http://www.prometheanplanet.com/en/"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Promethean Planet.com</b></a> “</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Created by teachers, for teachers, Promethean Planet is a unique teaching, sharing and support community—your places to connect, create, and change the classroom!” (prometheanplanet.com, 2011). I also take online classes on the use of ActivInspire software and hardware via Promethean Planet.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="margin: auto 0in auto 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><a href="http://www.pd360.com/pd360.cfm"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">PD360.com</span></b></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> “This is the world’s first and largest online, on-demand professional development platform for educators” (pd360.com, 2011).</span></div><div style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><a href="http://www.iste.org/welcome.aspx"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">ISTE.org</span></b></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> International Society of Technology for Education) “</span>ISTE advances excellence in learning and teaching through innovative and effective uses of technology” (ISTE.com, 2011). Journals that I subscribe to via ISTE include: <strong><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Journal of Research on Technology in Education </span></i></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education</i>.</span></strong></div><div style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><a href="http://edorigami.wikispaces.com/"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Educational Origami wikispaces.com</b></a><strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> “</span></strong><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Educational Origami is a </span><a href="http://edorigami.edublogs.org/"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">blog</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> and a wiki, about 21st Century Teaching and Learning. This wiki is not just about the integration of technology into the classroom, though this is certainly a critical area, it is about shifting our educational paradigm. The world is not as simple as saying teachers are digital immigrants and students digital natives. In fact, we know that exposure to technology changes the brains of those exposed to it. The longer and stronger the exposure and the more intense the emotions the use of the technology or its content evokes, the more profound the change. This technology is increasingly ubiquitous. We have to change how we teach, how we assess, what we teach, when we teach it, where we are teaching it, and with what” (edorigami.wikispaces.com, 2011).</span></div><div style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><a href="http://www.nctm.org/"><b>National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.org</b></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">- “The National Council of<b> </b>Teachers<b> </b>of Mathematics is a public voice of mathematics education supporting teachers to ensure equitable mathematics learning of the highest quality for all students through vision, leadership, professional development and research” (nctm.org, 2011).</span></div><div style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><a href="http://www.anapple4uresources.com/index.php"><b>An Apple 4 you resources.com</b></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">- A website put together by Andrew </span>Bonaparte<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. The site provides free resources for the 21<sup>st</sup> century teacher. It includes ActivInspire math flipcharts! </span></div><div style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><a href="http://www.ted.com/"><b>TED ideas worth spreading.com</b></a><b></b></div><div style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><br />
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</div><div style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">I plan on continuing to learn about how students learn and how technology can tap into the various learning styles for the benefit of creating a student centered learning environment. I am also very interested in learning more about graphic and instructional design principles and apply that knowledge to content development. Thirdly, I am continuing to learn more about content development with the use of ActivInspire software. In fact, I have just enrolled in a Promethean Planet class on the use of ActivExpressions. I plan on attending a curriculum development class this summer hosted by Promethean in Atlanta, Ga. </span></div><div style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">In short I am interested in the following: </span></div><div style="margin-left: 1in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Cognitive development</span></div><div style="margin-left: 1in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Content development</span></div><div style="margin-left: 1in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Use of ActivInspire software</span></div><div style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><br />
</div></div>Melissa DeBackerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14284966731938118220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3802322858218708457.post-20529067413367241202011-09-23T17:10:00.000-07:002011-09-24T15:08:29.163-07:00Math Textbooks and the needs of our studentsDan Meyer speaks on math textbooks and how they do not provide students with the opportunity to really solve problems. The textbooks provide students with all the data and graphics needed to just plug in information and solve. Let's learn how to allow the students to have 'conversations' about the problem-- let them ask the questions and put the data together ---- after all when in the real world the problem is not set up for us with all the necessary data, formulas, and 'how to's".--- we have to figure that out. "Math serves the conversation, the conversation does not serve the math!" Watch the video -- makes a world of sense! Thank Dan. (Meyer, D.) Our school district will be adopting new textbooks this year -- it has been 8 years since we have even looked at new textbooks (math). I am looking forward to see if the books are meeting the needs of metacognition in the 21st century classroom--????<br />
Video:<em> Dan Meyer: Math class need a make over</em><br />
Retrieved September 23, 2011 from <a href="http://www.ted.com/talks/dan_meyer_math_curriculum_makeover.html">TED ideas worth spreading</a>Melissa DeBackerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14284966731938118220noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3802322858218708457.post-79558625569429849542011-09-11T05:22:00.000-07:002011-09-11T05:30:53.925-07:00What are our students learning?Great video by Alan November, retrieved September 11, 2011 from <a href="http://edupln.ning.com/video/tedxnyed-alan-november-03-05-2011?xg_source=shorten_twitter">The Educators PLN</a>.<br />
Are our student's work and learning purposeful? meaningful? project based? Are the projects purpose driven? Are the students creating a legacy? Must see video! Just a reminder of how our students need to learn in the 21st century.Melissa DeBackerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14284966731938118220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3802322858218708457.post-3497413453655414602011-09-11T04:51:00.000-07:002011-09-11T04:51:45.231-07:00Common Core Standard and AssessmentsInsteresting article on common core standards and assessments. I do think that the idea of national common standards is a great idea. I am just not sure that the theory will pan out in reality. Why? Because of the diversity of schools, teachers, and use of technology. Assessibility of good schools and teachers is not equal accross the nation. <a href="http://www.k12center.org/rsc/pdf/Assessments_for_the_Common_Core_Standards_July_2011_Update.pdf">Article</a>Melissa DeBackerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14284966731938118220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3802322858218708457.post-11669507553978283492011-08-19T21:28:00.000-07:002011-08-19T21:28:28.333-07:00Let them know they matterEnable a someone by letting them know they matter. Give them an accountabiliy with differentiated tasks. Angela Maiers - You Matter (2011). Retrieved August 19, 2011 from <a href="http://edupln.ning.com/video/tedxdesmoines-angela-maiers-you-matter">http://edupln.ning.com/video/tedxdesmoines-angela-maiers-you-matter</a> Melissa DeBackerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14284966731938118220noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3802322858218708457.post-69319963775131150852011-02-13T08:25:00.000-08:002011-02-13T08:25:58.904-08:00Animoto - Tell your friends about Animoto<a href="http://animoto.com/referrals/kbcxmsrg">Animoto - Tell your friends about Animoto</a>: "Create hi-quality video slideshows from your photos with @animoto to share with friends and family."Melissa DeBackerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14284966731938118220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3802322858218708457.post-58331820720914962112011-01-17T07:20:00.000-08:002011-01-17T07:20:43.631-08:00The Circle Song<iframe height="344" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/vppcEYLOKyI?fs=1" frameborder="0" width="425"></iframe>Melissa DeBackerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14284966731938118220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3802322858218708457.post-37435362583164752312011-01-17T06:27:00.000-08:002011-01-17T06:27:45.525-08:00Circles Radius Diameter & Pi Math Learning Upgrade<iframe height="344" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/eiHWHT_8WrE?fs=1" frameborder="0" width="425"></iframe>Melissa DeBackerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14284966731938118220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3802322858218708457.post-42677593812282895382011-01-11T16:16:00.002-08:002011-01-11T16:16:55.157-08:00Gagné's Nine Events of Instruction<iframe frameborder="0" height="344" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/i_8MB9F2cts?fs=1" width="425"></iframe>Melissa DeBackerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14284966731938118220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3802322858218708457.post-17106351022663753292010-10-27T17:29:00.000-07:002010-10-27T17:29:34.011-07:00Teaching Strategies<object height="344" style="background-image: url(http://i1.ytimg.com/vi/T5XlkyPf950/hqdefault.jpg);" width="425"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/T5XlkyPf950?fs=1&hl=en_US"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/T5XlkyPf950?fs=1&hl=en_US" width="425" height="344" allowscriptaccess="never" allowfullscreen="true" wmode="transparent" type="application/x-shockwave-flash"></embed></object><br />
Solution Tree: Dr. Marzano on Instructional Strategies<br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Instructional Strategies and Technology for Teachers and Students</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The 21<sup>st</sup> century classroom allows for the implementation of technology tools that enable the teacher to use a variety of instructional strategies; and can promote a student-centered and or teacher-centered classroom that meets the needs of all students.</span><span style="font-family: Galliard-Roman; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Galliard-Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: Galliard-Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Galliard-Roman; mso-fareast-font-family: Galliard-Roman;">“</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Galliard-Roman;">An <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">instructional<i> </i></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">strategy </span>is a way of involving learners in a particular teaching–learning activity. We describe strategies as a procedure of instruction selected to help learners achieve their objective or internalize content” (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Delta-Light;">Lowther,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> Russell,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Delta-Light;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Smaldino, 2008, page 18).<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Strategies that use technology have proven to be engage and motive students to such a degree that they are empowered 21<sup>st</sup> century learners.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Strategies can be based on one learning theory or a combination of learning theories. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">” </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Galliard-Roman;">How</span><span style="font-family: Galliard-Roman; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Galliard-Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Galliard-Roman;">teachers view the role of technology and media in the classroom depends very much on their beliefs about how people learn. Over the past half-century there have been several dominant theories of learning. Each has implications for instruction in general and for the use of technology and media in particular” (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Delta-Light;">Lowther,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> Russell,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Delta-Light;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Smaldino, 2008, page 10). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The dominant learning perspectives will be briefly described and suggested strategies will be provided. The tables in this document serve as a snap shot of sample strategies with possible advantages, limitations, technology enhancements, and impact on student learning. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">“Cognitivism focuses on the inner mental activities – opening the “black box” of the human mind is valuable and necessary for understanding how people learn. Mental processes such as thinking, memory, knowing, and problem-solving need to be explored. Knowledge can be seen as schema or symbolic mental constructions. Learning is defined as change in a learner’s schemata" (Cognitivism, n.d.). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>See table 1. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">“Constructivism learning theory suggests that “the </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">learner is an information constructor. People actively construct or create their own subjective representations of objective reality. New information is linked to prior knowledge, thus mental representations are subjective” (Constructivism, n.d.). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>See table 2.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“Behaviorists refuse to speculate on what goes on internally when learning takes place. They rely solely on observable behaviors. As a result, they are more comfortable explaining relatively simple learning tasks. Because of this posture, behaviorism has limited applications in teaching higher-level skills. For example, behaviorists are reluctant to make inferences about how learners process information” </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Delta-Light;">Lowther,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> Russell,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Delta-Light;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Smaldino, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">page 11). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>See table 3. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Social-Psychological Perspective</span><span style="font-family: Galahad-Regular; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Galahad-Regular; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">looks at the social organization of the learning environment. Social organization factor such as group structure, authority structure and the reward system are all considered. “</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Galliard-Roman;">Researchers such as Robert Slavin (1990) have taken the position that cooperative learning is both more effective and more socially beneficial than competitive and individualistic learning” </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Delta-Light;">Lowther,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> Russell,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Delta-Light;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Smaldino, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">page 11). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>See table 4.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Table 1</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Cognitivist Learning Perspective Strategies</span></i></div><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-collapse: collapse; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: black 1.5pt solid; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 68.25pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: black 1.5pt solid; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 81.15pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Problem-based*</span></i></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: black 1.5pt solid; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Discovery**</span></i></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: black 1.5pt solid; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Digital games***</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></i></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: black 1.5pt solid; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Discussion*</span></i></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: black 1.5pt solid; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Concept mapping****</span></i></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #f0f0f0; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 68.25pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Advantages</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 81.15pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">real world problems, student in control </span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">scaffold,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>engaging,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>repeated<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>steps</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">learner focused, scaffold, chunking of concepts</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">opportunity for all students, interesting, new ideas</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">organization of research and thoughts</span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #f0f0f0; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 68.25pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Limitations</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 81.15pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">students must be self- motivated, clear objectives and anticipated outcomes, time consuming to prepare and implement</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">misunderstanding of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>concept, time consuming to prepare and implement</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">lack gaming or computer skills</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">not all students participate, challenging questions</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">staying<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>focused on topic, lack of 21<sup>st</sup> century skills</span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #f0f0f0; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 68.25pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Technology</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 81.15pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">web-quest, online collaboration, research, communicate with expert</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">video, audio, internet research</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">adventure game software and websites</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">video, audio, multimedia</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">online mind mapping tools, internet research</span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #f0f0f0; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 68.25pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Impact</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 81.15pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">development of critical thinking skills, awareness of real word problems and solutions</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">promotes inquiry</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">discovery of content, increased 21<sup>st</sup> century skills</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">promotes interest, student questions,</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">increased 21<sup>st</sup> century<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>skills, discovery of new information </span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #f0f0f0; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 68.25pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Centered</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 81.15pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">student</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">teacher</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 1in;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">teacher</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 76.5pt;" valign="top" width="102"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">teacher</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 81.9pt;" valign="top" width="109"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">teacher</span></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">*</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> McMahoun, T., O’Neill, G. (2005). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Student-centered learning: What does it mean for students</i> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">lectures</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">. Retrieved September 12, 2010, from<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><a href="http://www.aishe.org/readings/2005-1/oneill-mcmahon-Tues_19th_Oct_SCL.html"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.aishe.org/readings/2005-1/oneill-mcmahon-Tues_19th_Oct_SCL.html</span></span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">**</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> Lowther, D. L., Russell, J. D., Smaldino, S. E. (2008). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Instructional technology and media for</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">learning</i> (9<sup>th</sup> ed). New Jersey: Merrill Prentice Hall</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">***</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> Gros, B. (2007). Digital games in<b> e</b>ducation: the design of games-based learning<b></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">environments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Journal of Research on Technology in Education</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">, 40(1), 23-38. Retrieved September 12, 2010, from </span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://www.iste.org/Content/NavigationMenu/EducatorResources/YourLearningJourney/CreativityandInnovation/jrte-40-1-023-gro.pdf"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.iste.org/Content/NavigationMenu/EducatorResources/YourLearningJourney/CreativityandInnovation/jrte-40-1-023-gro.pdf</span></a></span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">****</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> What are concept maps?.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(n.d.). Retrieved September 12, 2010, from</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://olc.spsd.sk.ca/de/pd/instr/strats/conceptmap/index.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://olc.spsd.sk.ca/de/pd/instr/strats/conceptmap/index.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Table 2</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Constructivist Learning Perspective Strategies</span></i></div><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-collapse: collapse; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: black 1.5pt solid; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 68.35pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: black 1.5pt solid; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 117.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Problem solving*</span></i></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: black 1.5pt solid; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Collaborative groups*</span></i></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: black 1.5pt solid; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Digital games**</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></i></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #f0f0f0; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 68.35pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Advantages</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 117.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">engaging, level of complexity increases overtime</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">promotes social interaction, varying ability in groups in beneficial for learning, groups can be formal or informal</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Setting focused, social interaction, culture, engaging</span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #f0f0f0; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 68.35pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Limitations</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 117.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">time consuming, difficult to create, requires debriefing</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">work is not divided evenly by number<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and/or ability, social norms are not well developed, over use</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">students must be self-motivated, lack gaming or computer skills</span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #f0f0f0; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 68.35pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Technology</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 117.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">internet research, online collaboration</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">internet research, Power Point, Movie Maker, VoiceThread</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">simulation and strategy game software and websites</span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 74.2pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #f0f0f0; height: 74.2pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 68.35pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Impact</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; height: 74.2pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 117.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">development of critical thinking skills</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; height: 74.2pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">lifelong social skills, increased 21<sup>st</sup> century skills</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; height: 74.2pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">increased 21<sup>st</sup> century skills</span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 13.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #f0f0f0; height: 13.9pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 68.35pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Centered</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; height: 13.9pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 117.05pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">student</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; height: 13.9pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">student</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; height: 13.9pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">student</span></div></td></tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">*</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Lowther, D. L., Russell, J. D., Smaldino, S. E. (2008). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Instructional technology and media for</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">learning</i> (9<sup>th</sup> ed). New Jersey: Merrill Prentice Hall</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">**</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Gros, B. (2007). Digital games in<b> e</b>ducation: the design of games-based learning<b></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">environments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Journal of Research on Technology in Education</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">, 40(1), 23-38. Retrieved September 12, 2010, from </span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://www.iste.org/Content/NavigationMenu/EducatorResources/YourLearningJourney/CreativityandInnovation/jrte-40-1-023-gro.pdf"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.iste.org/Content/NavigationMenu/EducatorResources/YourLearningJourney/CreativityandInnovation/jrte-40-1-023-gro.pdf</span></a></span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Table 3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Behaviorist Learning Perspective Strategies</span></i></div><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-collapse: collapse; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: black 1.5pt solid; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 0.95in;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: black 1.5pt solid; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Drill and Practice*</span></i></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: black 1.5pt solid; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Self-Study</span></i></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: black 1.5pt solid; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Digital games**</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></i></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: black 1.5pt solid; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Presentation*</span></i></div></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 56.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #f0f0f0; height: 56.6pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 0.95in;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Advantages</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; height: 56.6pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">reinforcement, practice, feedback</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; height: 56.6pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">self-paced,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>individualized</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; height: 56.6pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">focus on behavior with reinforcements</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; height: 56.6pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">one presentation, development of note taking skills</span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 56.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #f0f0f0; height: 56.65pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 0.95in;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Limitations</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; height: 56.65pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">boring, lack of instruction, lacks high level skills</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; height: 56.65pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">lack of directions, boring, student must be self- motivated</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; height: 56.65pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">teacher controls input, lacks high level skills</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; height: 56.65pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">hear presentation only once, boring, keeping<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>notes</span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 56.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #f0f0f0; height: 56.65pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 0.95in;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Technology</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; height: 56.65pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">drill and practice software and websites</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; height: 56.65pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">video, audio,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; height: 56.65pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">action gaming software and websites</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; height: 56.65pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">PowerPoint, Movie Maker, VoiceThread, images, video, audio</span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 56.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #f0f0f0; height: 56.65pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 0.95in;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Impact</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; height: 56.65pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">mastery of skills</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; height: 56.65pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">ownership of learning</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; height: 56.65pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">mastery of skills</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; height: 56.65pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">all information as once, leads to interest </span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="height: 33.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #f0f0f0; height: 33.7pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 0.95in;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Centered</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; height: 33.7pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">teacher</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; height: 33.7pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">student</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; height: 33.7pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">teacher</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; height: 33.7pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 1.25in;" valign="top" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">teacher</span></div></td></tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">*</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Lowther, D. L., Russell, J. D., Smaldino, S. E. (2008). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Instructional technology and media for</i> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">learning</i> (9<sup>th</sup> ed). New Jersey: Merrill Prentice Hall</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">**</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Gros, B. (2007). Digital games in<b> e</b>ducation: the design of games-based learning<b></b></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">environments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Journal of Research on Technology in Education</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">, 40(1), 23-38. Retrieved September 12, 2010, from </span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://www.iste.org/Content/NavigationMenu/EducatorResources/YourLearningJourney/CreativityandInnovation/jrte-40-1-023-gro.pdf"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.iste.org/Content/NavigationMenu/EducatorResources/YourLearningJourney/CreativityandInnovation/jrte-40-1-023-gro.pdf</span></a></span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Table 4</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Social-Psychological Learning Perspective Strategies</span></i></div><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-collapse: collapse; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: black 1.5pt solid; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 68.35pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: black 1.5pt solid; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 111.95pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Collaborative groups*</span></i></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: black 1.5pt solid; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 92.5pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Digital games**</span></i></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: black 1.5pt solid; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 92.6pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Think aloud</span></i></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: black 1.5pt solid; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black 1.5pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Think-pair-share***</span></i></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #f0f0f0; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 68.35pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Advantages</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 111.95pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">promotes social interaction, varying ability in groups in beneficial for learning, groups can be formal or informal</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 92.5pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">social interaction, setting focused, meaningful, engaging</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 92.6pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">students hear the thought process</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">ease of use, social interaction, formulate and share ideas, think time</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #f0f0f0; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 68.35pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Limitations</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 111.95pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">work is not divided evenly by number<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and/or ability, social norms are not well developed, over use </span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 92.5pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">lack gaming or computer skills</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 92.6pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">overuse, lack attention, boring</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">overuse, not all students share</span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #f0f0f0; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 68.35pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Technology</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 111.95pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">internet research, Power Point, Movie Maker, VoiceThread</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 92.5pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">online game rooms</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 92.6pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Power Point, Movie Maker, VoiceThread</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">online communication,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">electronic note taking</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #f0f0f0; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 68.35pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Impact</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 111.95pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">lifelong social skills, increased 21<sup>st</sup> century skills</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 92.5pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">increased 21<sup>st</sup> century skills, lifelong social skills</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 92.6pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Clear how to steps, compare though processes</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: #f0f0f0; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">lifelong social skills, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">conceptual understanding, draw conclusions, consider other points of view</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></div></td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: black 1pt solid; border-top: #f0f0f0; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black 1.5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .75pt; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 68.35pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Centered</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 111.95pt;" valign="top" width="149"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">student</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 92.5pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">student</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 92.6pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">teacher</span></div></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; border-left: #f0f0f0; border-right: #f0f0f0; border-top: #f0f0f0; padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0in; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">student</span></div></td></tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">*</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Lowther, D. L., Russell, J. D., Smaldino, S. E. (2008). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Instructional technology and media for</i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">learning</i> (9<sup>th</sup> ed). New Jersey: Merrill Prentice Hall</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">**</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Gros, B. (2007). Digital games in<b> e</b>ducation: the design of games-based learning<b></b></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">environments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Journal of Research on Technology in Education</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">, 40(1), 23-38. Retrieved September 12, 2010, from </span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://www.iste.org/Content/NavigationMenu/EducatorResources/YourLearningJourney/CreativityandInnovation/jrte-40-1-023-gro.pdf"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.iste.org/Content/NavigationMenu/EducatorResources/YourLearningJourney/CreativityandInnovation/jrte-40-1-023-gro.pdf</span></a></span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">***Think-pair-share. (n.d.) Retrieved September 14, 2010, from </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://olc.spsd.sk.ca/de/pd/instr/strats/think/index.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://olc.spsd.sk.ca/de/pd/instr/strats/think/index.html</span></a></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">References</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Cognitivism.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(n.d.).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Retrieved September 12, 2010, from</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.learning-theories.com/cognitivism.html"><span style="color: blue;">http: //www.learning-theories.com/cognitivism.html</span></a> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Constructivism. (n.d.). Retrieved September 12, 2010, from</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.learning-theories.com/constructivism.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.learning-theories.com/constructivism.html</span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Gros, B. (2007). Digital games in<b> e</b>ducation: the design of games-based learning</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">environments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Journal of Research on Technology in Education</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">, 40(1), 23-38. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Retrieved September 12, 2010, from </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in;"><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://www.iste.org/Content/NavigationMenu/EducatorResources/YourLearningJourney/CreativityandInnovation/jrte-40-1-023-gro.pdf"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.iste.org/Content/NavigationMenu/EducatorResources/YourLearningJourney/CreativityandInnovation/jrte-40-1-023-gro.pdf</span></a></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Lowther, D. L., Russell, J. D., Smaldino, S. E. (2008). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Instructional technology and media for</i> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">learning</i> (9<sup>th</sup> ed). New Jersey: Merrill Prentice Hall</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">McMahoun, T., O’Neill, G. (2005). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Student-centered learning: What does it mean for students</i> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">lectures</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">. Retrieved September 12, 2010, from<span style="mso-tab-count: 8;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 7;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><a href="http://www.aishe.org/readings/2005-1/oneill-mcmahon-Tues_19th_Oct_SCL.html"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.aishe.org/readings/2005-1/oneill-mcmahon-Tues_19th_Oct_SCL.html</span></span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></u></div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Think-pair-share. (n.d.) Retrieved September 14, 2010, from </span></div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://olc.spsd.sk.ca/de/pd/instr/strats/think/index.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://olc.spsd.sk.ca/de/pd/instr/strats/think/index.html</span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">What are concept maps?.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(n.d.). Retrieved September 12, 2010, from</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://olc.spsd.sk.ca/de/pd/instr/strats/conceptmap/index.html"><span style="color: blue;">http://olc.spsd.sk.ca/de/pd/instr/strats/conceptmap/index.html</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Calibri", "sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
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</div>Melissa DeBackerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14284966731938118220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3802322858218708457.post-40048829020029533142010-10-26T19:18:00.000-07:002010-10-26T19:21:19.179-07:00DeBacker Reflects on Assessments<object height="344" style="background-image: url(http://i4.ytimg.com/vi/g4ogt0yI8xA/hqdefault.jpg);" width="425"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/g4ogt0yI8xA?fs=1&hl=en_US"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/g4ogt0yI8xA?fs=1&hl=en_US" width="425" height="344" allowscriptaccess="never" allowfullscreen="true" wmode="transparent" type="application/x-shockwave-flash"></embed></object><br />
Classroom Assessment Techniques by S. Longstreet (Youtube)<br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Assessments </span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Assessments come in all forms from thumbs up or down to those high stake standardized test. Popular terms for assessments types are formative and summative. Merriam Webster Online Dictionary defines formative as “capable of alteration and development” (2010). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Encarta dictionary defines formative assessments of students as “the assessment at regular intervals of a student's progress with accompanying feedback in order to help to improve the student's performance” (2010). Formative assessments are ongoing and can direct the teachers’ instruction according to the needs of the students at any given time during a lesson. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Merriam Webster dictionary online defines summative in terms of cumulative, “made up of accumulative parts” (2010). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The National Middle School Association comments on summative assessments:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Summative Assessments are given periodically to determine at a particular point in time what students know and do not know. Many associate summative assessments only with standardized tests such as state assessments, but they are also used at and are an important part of district and classroom programs. Summative assessment at the district/classroom level is an accountability measure that is generally used as part of the grading process (2010).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Opinions on the value of formative and summative assessments vary greatly among teachers, schools, and districts. DeBacker’s classroom experiences lead her to value formative assessments over summative assessments. Since formative assessments are ongoing she can assess target goals on a regular basis and direct her teaching on a class by class basis, thus providing the students with authentic and relative teaching and learning experiences. As a result of incorporation regular formative assessments, DeBacker’s students tend to have a great deal of success on those high stake summative assessments. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">DeBackers Assessment Experience <br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">References</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cumulative. (2010). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Merriam-Webster online dictionary</i>. Retrieved October 26, </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">2010, <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/from%20http:/www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cumulative"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cumulative</span></a></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Formative. (2010). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Merriam-Webster online dictionary</i>. Retrieved October 26,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2010, from <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><a href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/formative"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/formative</span></a></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Formative assessment. (2010). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">MSN Encarta dictionary</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">online</i>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Retrieved </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;">October 26, 2010, from </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><a href="http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861690673/formative_assessment.html"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861690673/formative_assessment.html</span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Longstreet, S. (2008, February 28). </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Classroom Assessment Techniques. </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Retrieved </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>October 26, 2010, from </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g4ogt0yI8xA"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g4ogt0yI8xA</span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">The National Middle School Association. (2010). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Formative and Summative Assessments</i> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">in the Classroom</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">. Retrieved October 26, 2010, from </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><a href="http://www.nmsa.org/publications/webexclusive/assessment/tabid/1120/default.as"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.nmsa.org/publications/webexclusive/assessment/tabid/1120/default.as</span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">px</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>Melissa DeBackerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14284966731938118220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3802322858218708457.post-25272443435006357852010-10-10T19:42:00.000-07:002010-10-10T19:42:33.047-07:00Technology-infused Classroom<object height="344" style="background-image: url(http://i2.ytimg.com/vi/QcXEznPXj8k/hqdefault.jpg);" width="425"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/QcXEznPXj8k?fs=1&hl=en_US"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/QcXEznPXj8k?fs=1&hl=en_US" width="425" height="344" allowscriptaccess="never" allowfullscreen="true" wmode="transparent" type="application/x-shockwave-flash"></embed></object><br />
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Video: Classroom of the Future <br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Technology-infused Classroom</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Churches’ (2008) research indicates that a technology-infused classroom can facilitate 21st century learning by encompassing the factors of resources, skills, and curriculum (p. 8).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In addition the physical classroom space must change to accommodate a learning environment that allows for both teacher centered and student centered modes of instruction (p. 14). The researcher identifies changes of the traditional means of instruction and learning:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Welcome to the 21st Century. The rapid advances in technology, linked with reducing cost and increased connectivity are changing our students. They are, for better or for worse, learning in different modes. For teaching to be relevant, for it to be meaningful, teachers must change and adapt. Our curriculum, our teaching practice, our learning spaces and our approaches to technology all must change in the current age (p. 15). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Mountain Gap Middle School (MGMS) in Huntsville, Alabama is emerging into a technology-infused school. MGMS is now equipped with projectors and document cameras in the majority of classrooms. Most academic teachers now have a Promethean whiteboards and accompanying software. Professional development is available in varying areas of technology at the school level and district level. Mrs. DeBacker, Mrs. Moore and Mrs. Lane are emerging leaders in technology integration at both the school and district level; they provide in-service opportunities for teachers throughout the district. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Teachers across the district are at least dabbling with technology integration. With limited funding and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>knowledgeable technology support personnel many teachers are at a standstill and are stuck on the lower end of the continuum of transition from the traditional to the 21<sup>st</sup> classroom of embedded technology instruction. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lowther, Russell, and Smaldino (2008) describe the transition from the traditional classroom to the digital classroom as being most important for the education of today’s digital native students. Furthermore, a continuum by Prensky, as cited by the researchers, for moving from traditional curriculum instruction to technology embedded curriculum instruction starts with dabbling and ends with technology-infused classroom (p. 334).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> Figure 1 gives a visual of what the future classroom may look like. </span></span> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="classroomw2" height="147" src="http://edorigami.edublogs.org/files/2008/05/classroomw2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="classroomw2" width="400" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Figure 1. Future classroom (Churches, 2008)</td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">References</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Churches, A. (2008). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Welcome to the 21<sup>st</sup> century</i>. Retrieved October 10, 2010, from</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://edorigami.wikispaces.com/file/view/21st+century+teaching+and+learning.pdf"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://edorigami.wikispaces.com/file/view/21st+century+teaching+and+learning.pdf</span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Leiboff, M. (2007, September 12). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Classroom of the future. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[Video file]. Retrieved October 10, </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2010, from <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QcXEznPXj8k&feature=related"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QcXEznPXj8k&feature=related</span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Lowther, D. L., Russell, J. D., Smaldino, S. E. (2008).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Instructional technology and</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>media for learning (9th ed). New Jersey: Merrill Prentice Hall</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>Melissa DeBackerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14284966731938118220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3802322858218708457.post-80049851035532593862010-09-28T04:04:00.000-07:002010-09-28T04:04:13.742-07:00Visual Literacy and Internet<object height="344" style="background-image: url(http://i1.ytimg.com/vi/XQNbAtK3c3g/hqdefault.jpg);" width="425"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/XQNbAtK3c3g?fs=1&hl=en_US"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/XQNbAtK3c3g?fs=1&hl=en_US" width="425" height="344" allowscriptaccess="never" allowfullscreen="true" wmode="transparent" type="application/x-shockwave-flash"></embed></object><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">Visual Literacy and Internet</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Visual literacy and the use of Internet can have a powerful impact on the teaching and learning process in the classroom.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Visual literacy is the learned capability to interpret visually conveyed information and create visual messages such as still images, drawings, diagrams, charts, graphs, videos, tables and presentation tools. Lowther, Russell, Smaldino, (2008) describe the possibilities of the powerful role in the use and creation of visuals as (a) concrete reference for ideas, (b) abstract ideas become concrete, (c) learners become motivated and engaged, (d) focused attention, (e) information presented in multiple formats, (f) allows for recall of learned concepts, and (g) simplify information for learning. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lowther et al. 2008, provide a clear picture of the Internet:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">The Internet is a worldwide system for linking smaller computer networks together. It is a network of networks with a frequently changing collection of millions of computer networks serving billions of people around the world. Any individual on the Internet can communicate with anyone else on the Internet (page 190).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">The Internet allows for students to decode ever ending visual cues.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The ability to productively use the Internet and the ability to encode and decode visuals enable students to tap into their own creativity, productivity, and understanding of content. The teacher should demonstrate how to use the Internet and visual cues appropriately, in doing so the student will gain insight on how to discern accurate information form inaccurate information. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A teacher can find an abundance of lessons on the website Alabama Learning Exchange (ALEX) that often incorporate more than one type of technology. In a subtraction of integer’s lesson, the lesson designer included videos, research, online games for reinforcement, group work and online and paper assessments. Many of the lesson’s elements require the student to decode a multitude of visuals. Another example of the use of the Internet and visual literacy is a tool called EDvoice thread. The tool allows students to encode visuals for peers. Peers can comment and provide ideas for each other and even create visuals together via the Internet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A sample lesson that reinforces geometry shapes, terms, and formulas is an Animoto scavenger hunt.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Animoto is a web based tool used to make music videos with pictures, video and text.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Students are provided pictures of everyday objects or computer generated images of geometry formulas, terms, and figures. The object is for the students to choose the correct figure and the corresponding term. More advanced students will include formulas that correspond to the image and term. They have to arrange the images so that the viewer sees the geometric figure, the term and formula back to back in the video. Students can even choose their own music. Using the Internet to enhance lessons provides continuous opportunities to improve visual literacy.</span><span style="color: blue; display: none; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hide: all; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAF4bx2u9QQ5UV_O6dj7mECj8nsmkggtgrxginjHzZnFTcdPdP3tfYOF7Kp4yykM7gdvRvjhnhoLW3pcA1mxT_T66YKfdgfkaXrGSQGqgGNC9v9p0nBST2gn-60YgA-vb1XB3DFyW65Zxn/s1600/internet_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="223" px="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAF4bx2u9QQ5UV_O6dj7mECj8nsmkggtgrxginjHzZnFTcdPdP3tfYOF7Kp4yykM7gdvRvjhnhoLW3pcA1mxT_T66YKfdgfkaXrGSQGqgGNC9v9p0nBST2gn-60YgA-vb1XB3DFyW65Zxn/s320/internet_1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><span style="color: blue; display: none; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hide: all; mso-no-proof: yes;"><div align="center" class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">References</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Ballett, A. (2009, February 22). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Visual literacy across the curriculum. </i>Retrieved September 27, </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2010, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQNbAtK3c3g<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">Internet (2010). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Merriam-Webster visual dictionary online. </i>Retrieved September 27, 2010, from</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small;"> </span></span><a href="http://visual.merriam-webster.com/communications/office-automation/internet_1.php"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="font-size: small;">http://visual.merriam-webster.com/communications/office-automation/internet_1.php</span></span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Lowther, D. L., Russell, J. D., Smaldino, S. E. (2008). Instructional technology and media for<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="color: black;"> learning (9th ed). New Jersey: Merrill Prentice Hall<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
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line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div></span>Melissa DeBackerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14284966731938118220noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3802322858218708457.post-42717294836549704672010-09-14T19:06:00.000-07:002010-09-14T19:06:08.041-07:00DeBacker Blogg 1: 21st Century Instructional Strategies<object height="295" style="background-image: url(http://i1.ytimg.com/vi/XCrd8Sqf4ig/hqdefault.jpg);" width="480"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/XCrd8Sqf4ig?fs=1&hl=en_US"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/XCrd8Sqf4ig?fs=1&hl=en_US" width="480" height="295" allowscriptaccess="never" allowfullscreen="true" wmode="transparent" type="application/x-shockwave-flash"></embed></object><br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">21<sup>st</sup> Century Teaching Strategies</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">The 21<sup>st</sup> century classroom allows for the implementation of technology tools that enable the teacher to use a variety of instructional strategies; and can promote a student-centered and or teacher-centered classroom that meets the needs of all students. Strategies that use technology have proven to be engage and motive students to such a degree that they are empowered 21<sup>st</sup> century learners. True technology integration “involves students constructing their own learning while using both hardware and software tools and allows for student-centered approaches for both teacher and student. Blending content, pedagogy, and technology enables students to make real-world, everyday connections to what is being learned” (<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Woodbridge, 2004).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Problem-Based Learning (PBL) is an example of a student-centered strategy that has many opportunities for the use of technology.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> Boud and Feletti state that PBL, “through the use of problems/issues/triggers, encourages the students to develop their own learning goals, thereby filling in the gaps in their knowledge or understanding” (as cited in McMahon, O’Neill, 2005). The PBL strategy can be designed to reach and accommodate an array of learning styles as well as varying academic and technology abilities. The opportunities for technology depend on the objectives and desired outcomes of the PBL as well as the available technology tools for the teacher and student. Other examples of student-centered strategies that lend themselves to enhancing and developing 21<sup>st</sup> century skills are as follows: web-quest, simulation, gaming, cooperative learning, and discovery. Teacher-centered strategies include but are not limited to the following: drill and practice, lecture, discussion, demonstration, and t</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Delta-Light;">utorial. Teacher-centered strategies can lend themselves to the use of technology. An everyday lecture can be turned into an interactive lesson with the use of a Smartboard or a Promethean white board. Lectures can include images, audio, and video. Lowther,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> Russell,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Delta-Light;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">and Smaldino sum up the importance of teachers reflecting and planning for teaching 21<sup>st</sup> century learners as follows: </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Galliard-Roman;">There are two categories of instructional strategies, teacher-centered and student-centered. While there is no one right way to teach, teachers have a variety of instructional strategies they can use to help facilitate student learning. Teachers need to make informed decisions about the learning needs of their students and select the instructional strategies that are best suited to helping students achieve the learning outcomes</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">. (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Delta-Light;">Lowther,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> Russell,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Delta-Light;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Smaldino, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">page 45) </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLSc2lIN8yuHApIOHyd2lbt-gf2QtxtjTX7FUK93lQjDCKy4iD4pg7dxiwEcz3Ps04_W_apEDco2aaihRnNGGt1eSFR6E_5sKaGUpDXDoWtLrXLU9z0Gv6lWkm0cF4eUslBkVMfqPuYC3r/s1600/debacker004.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" qx="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLSc2lIN8yuHApIOHyd2lbt-gf2QtxtjTX7FUK93lQjDCKy4iD4pg7dxiwEcz3Ps04_W_apEDco2aaihRnNGGt1eSFR6E_5sKaGUpDXDoWtLrXLU9z0Gv6lWkm0cF4eUslBkVMfqPuYC3r/s640/debacker004.jpg" width="432" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Education Blooms with Knowledge<br />
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</tbody></table><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Galliard-Roman;"> <div align="center" class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";">References</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; letter-spacing: -0.4pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Marzano, R. (2009, December 9). Solution tree. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Robert Marsano on technology and instructional </i></span></div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; letter-spacing: -0.4pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"> stategies</span></i><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; letter-spacing: -0.4pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">. Retrieved September 12, 2010, from</span></div><div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; letter-spacing: -0.4pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"> <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCrd8Sqf4ig"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCrd8Sqf4ig</span></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">McMahoun, T., O’Neill, G. (2005). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Student-centered learning: What does it mean for students</i> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">lectures</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">. Retrieved September 12, 2010, from</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in;"><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://www.aishe.org/readings/2005-1/oneill-mcmahon-Tues_19th_Oct_SCL.html">http://www.aishe.org/readings/2005-1/oneill-mcmahon-Tues_19th_Oct_SCL.html</a></span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Lowther, D. L., Russell, J. D., Smaldino, S. E. (2008). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Instructional technology and media for</i> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">learning</i> (9<sup>th</sup> ed). New Jersey: Merrill Prentice Hall</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Woodridge, J. (n.d.). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">T<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">echnology integration as a transforming teaching strategy. </span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Retrieved </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">September 12, 2010, from</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><a href="http://www.iste.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Research/NECC_Research_Paper_Archive%0ds/NECC_2004/Woodbridge-Jerry-NECC04.pdf%20%20%0d%0d"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.iste.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Research/NECC_Research_Paper_Archive</span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in;"><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><a href="http://www.iste.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Research/NECC_Research_Paper_Archive%0ds/NECC_2004/Woodbridge-Jerry-NECC04.pdf%20%20%0d%0d"><span style="color: blue;">s/NECC_2004/Woodbridge-Jerry-NECC04.pdf<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></a></span></u></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /></span> </span>Melissa DeBackerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14284966731938118220noreply@blogger.com0